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Adenoma

MedGen UID:: 125
•Concept ID:: C0001430
•: Neoplastic Process

Synonym:	Adenomas
SNOMED CT:	Benign adenomatous neoplasm (443416007); Benign adenomatous neoplasm (1187227004); Adenoma (1187375007); Adenoma (1187379001); Benign adenoma (1187379001)

Monarch Initiative:	MONDO:0004972

Definition

A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

GTR
MeSH

CClinical test, RResearch test, OOMIM, GGeneReviews, VClinVar

CROGVAdenoma

Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
- Pathological process
  - Disease
    - Neoplasm
      - Epithelial neoplasm
        Adenoma
        Acinar Cell Adenoma
        ACTH-producing pituitary gland adenoma
        Crooke Cell Tumor
        Nelson Syndrome
        Non-Functioning Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Non-Functioning Densely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Non-Functioning Sparsely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Adenoma of nipple
        Adenoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
        Adenomatoid tumor
        Adrenal Cortical Adenomatoid Tumor
        Benign peritoneal mesothelioma
        Fallopian tube adenomatoid tumor
        Ovarian Adenomatoid Tumor
        Paratesticular Adenomatoid Tumor
        Epididymal adenomatoid tumor
        Pericardial Adenomatoid Tumor
        Pleural adenomatoid tumor
        Uterine corpus adenomatoid tumor
        Adenomatous Polyp
        Colorectal Adenomatous Polyp
        Adenomatous polyp of colon
        Rectal Adenomatous Polyp
        Familial multiple polyposis syndrome
        Familial adenomatous polyposis due to 5q22.2 microdeletion
        Gardner syndrome
        Turcot syndrome with polyposis
        Gallbladder adenoma
        Gallbladder Adenoma, Intestinal-Type
        Gallbladder Tubulopapillary Adenoma
        Gastrointestinal Tract Adenoma, Intestinal-Type
        Ampulla of Vater Adenoma, Intestinal-Type
        Gastric Adenoma, Intestinal-Type
        Multiple Adenomatous Polyps
        Adrenal rest tumor
        Adrenocortical adenoma
        Adrenal Cortical Clear Cell Adenoma
        Adrenal Cortical Compact Cell Adenoma
        Adrenal Cortical Glomerulosa Cell Adenoma
        Adrenal Cortical Mixed Cell Adenoma
        Adrenal Cortical Oncocytic Adenoma
        Aldosterone-producing adrenal cortex adenoma
        Cortisol-producing adrenal cortex adenoma
        Non-functioning adrenal cortex adenoma
        Non-secretory adrenocortical adenoma
        Pigmented Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
        Secretory adrenocortical adenoma
        Sex hormone-producing adrenal cortex adenoma
        Androgen-Producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
        Estrogen-Producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
        APUdoma
        Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma
        Merkel Cell Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
        Merkel Cell Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
        Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma
        Recurrent Merkel Cell Carcinoma
        Refractory Merkel Cell Carcinoma
        Unresectable Merkel Cell Carcinoma
        Vulvar Merkel Cell Carcinoma
        Atypical Adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Bizarre Nuclei
        Bartholin gland adenoma
        Bile duct adenoma
        Extrahepatic bile duct adenoma
        Extrahepatic bile duct papillary adenoma
        Extrahepatic Bile Duct Tubular Adenoma
        Extrahepatic Bile Duct Tubulopapillary Adenoma
        Intrahepatic bile duct adenoma
        Intrahepatic Bile Duct Microcystic Adenoma
        Breast adenoma
        Breast apocrine adenoma
        Breast ductal adenoma
        Breast Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Breast Tubular Adenoma
        Pregnancy adenoma
        Chromophobe adenoma
        Ciliary Body Adenoma
        Clear cell adenoma
        Clear cell hidradenoma
        Parathyroid gland clear cell adenoma
        Water-clear cell adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Clear Cell Follicular Adenoma
        Cystadenoma
        Borderline Cystadenoma
        Borderline Papillary Cystadenoma
        Borderline Serous Cystadenoma
        Epididymal Cystadenoma
        Epididymal Papillary Cystadenoma
        Mucinous cystadenoma
        Appendix Mucinous Cystadenoma
        Lung Mucinous Cystadenoma
        Mucinous ovarian cystadenoma
        Papillary Mucinous Cystadenoma
        Ovarian cystadenoma
        Ovarian endometrioid cystadenoma
        Ovarian Seromucinous Cystadenoma
        Ovarian serous cystadenoma
        Pancreatic cystadenoma
        Pancreatic Macrocystic Serous Cystadenoma
        Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
        Papillary cystadenoma
        Clear cell papillary cystadenoma
        Papillary Serous Cystadenoma
        Uterine Ligament Papillary Cystadenoma
        Prostate Cystadenoma
        Rete ovarii cystadenoma
        Salivary Gland Cystadenoma
        Seminal vesicle cystadenoma
        Serous cystadenoma
        Broad Ligament Serous Cystadenoma
        Digestive system adenoma
        Adenoma of small intestine
        Duodenal Adenoma
        Small intestinal tubular adenoma
        Small intestinal tubulovillous adenoma
        Small Intestinal Villous Adenoma
        Appendix adenoma
        Appendix Serrated Lesions and Polyps
        Appendix Traditional Serrated Adenoma
        Appendix Tubular Adenoma
        Appendix Tubulovillous Adenoma
        Appendix villous adenoma
        Colorectal adenoma
        Colon adenoma
        Colorectal Adenoma with Mild Dysplasia
        Colorectal Adenoma with Moderate Dysplasia
        Colorectal Adenoma with Severe Dysplasia
        Colorectal Conventional Adenoma
        Colorectal sessile serrated adenoma/polyp
        Colorectal Traditional Serrated Adenoma
        Rectum adenoma
        Flat Adenoma
        Gastric adenoma
        Fundic Gland Polyp
        Gastric Adenoma, Gastric-Type
        Oxyntic Gland Adenoma
        Hepatocellular adenoma
        Beta-Catenin-Activated Hepatocellular Adenoma
        HNF1alpha-Inactivated Hepatocellular Adenoma
        Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma
        Unclassified Hepatocellular Adenoma
        Serrated Lesions and Polyps
        Traditional Serrated Adenoma
        Digestive System Filiform Serrated Adenoma
        Tubular adenoma
        Ampulla of Vater Tubular Adenoma
        Colorectal Tubular Adenoma
        Gastric Tubular Adenoma
        Tubulovillous adenoma
        Ampulla of Vater Tubulovillous Adenoma
        Colorectal tubulovillous adenoma
        Gastric Tubulovillous Adenoma
        Villous adenoma
        Ampulla of Vater Villous Adenoma
        Colorectal Villous Adenoma
        Gastric Villous Adenoma
        Islet Cell Adenoma
        Pancreatic Alpha Cell Adenoma
        Pancreatic Beta Cell Adenoma
        Pancreatic Delta Cell Adenoma
        Pancreatic G-Cell Adenoma
        Pancreatic insulinoma
        Malignant Pancreatic Insulinoma
        Lipoadenoma
        Parathyroid Gland Lipoadenoma
        Thyroid Gland Lipoadenoma
        Lung adenoma
        Alveoli adenoma
        Bronchus adenoma
        Lung mucous gland adenoma
        Lung Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Sclerosing Pneumocytoma
        Mesothelioma
        Cystic mesothelioma
        Mesothelioma, malignant
        Asbestos-Related Malignant Mesothelioma
        Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma
        Localized Malignant Mesothelioma
        Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
        Malignant pleural mesothelioma
        Metastatic Malignant Mesothelioma
        Ovarian malignant mesothelioma
        Paratesticular Malignant Mesothelioma
        Pericardial Malignant Mesothelioma
        Pericardial mesothelioma
        Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma
        Refractory Malignant Mesothelioma
        Resectable Malignant Mesothelioma
        Testicular mesothelioma
        Unresectable Malignant Mesothelioma
        Multicystic Mesothelioma
        Peritoneal multicystic mesothelioma
        Peritoneal mesothelioma
        Peritoneal well differentiated papillary mesothelioma
        Pleural mesothelioma
        Pleural Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelial Tumor
        Well differentiated papillary mesothelioma
        Microcystic adenoma
        Middle ear adenoma
        Minor vestibular glands adenoma
        Mixed cell adenoma
        Mixed cell type adenoma of parathyroid
        Oral Cavity Adenoma
        Oral Cavity Monomorphic Adenoma
        Hard Palate Monomorphic Adenoma
        Oral Cavity Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Hard Palate Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Soft Palate Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Oxyphilic adenoma
        Hurthle cell thyroid adenoma
        Parathyroid oncocytic adenoma
        Salivary gland oncocytoma
        Papillary adenoma
        Chromophil adenoma of the kidney
        Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Hyperplasia
        Parathyroid gland adenoma
        Atypical Parathyroid Gland Tumor
        Pituitary adenoma
        Acidophil Stem Cell Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Atypical Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Double Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors of Distinct Lineages
        Ectopic Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Nasopharyngeal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Familial isolated pituitary adenoma
        Functioning gonadotropic adenoma
        FSH-Producing Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        LH-Producing Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Functioning pituitary gland adenoma
        Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Macroadenoma
        Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Microadenoma
        Nelson syndrome
        Pituitary dependent hypercortisolism
        Prolactin-producing pituitary gland adenoma
        TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma
        Mixed Gangliocytoma-Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Multiple Synchronous Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors of Distinct Lineages
        Non-functioning pituitary adenoma
        Null pituitary adenoma
        Silent pituitary adenoma
        Pituitary acidophilic stem cell adenoma
        Pituitary gonadotropic cell adenoma
        Pituitary growth hormone cell adenoma
        Pituitary macroadenoma
        Pituitary microadenoma
        Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Microadenoma
        Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Microadenoma
        Pituitary thyrotropic cell adenoma
        Plurihormonal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Densely Granulated Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Sparsely Granulated Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Somatotroph-Lactotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Mammosomatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
        Mixed somatotroph-lactotroph pituitary gland adenoma
        Pituitary gland acidophil adenoma
        Pituitary gland basophil adenoma
        Pleomorphic adenoma
        Cellular Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Lacrimal Gland Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Salivary Gland
        Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Major Salivary Gland
        Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Minor Salivary Gland
        Salivary gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
        Salivary Gland Carcinosarcoma
        Mixed Tumor of the Parotid Gland
        Malignant Parotid Gland Mixed Tumor
        Parotid Gland Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland
        Laryngeal Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Metastasizing Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Gland
        Oropharyngeal Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Sinonasal Pleomorphic Adenoma
        Prostatic adenoma
        Pulmonary Adenomatosis
        Renal adenoma
        Metanephric adenoma
        Rete ovarii adenoma
        Salivary Gland Monomorphic Adenoma
        Basal Cell Adenoma
        Parotid Gland Monomorphic Adenoma
        Salivary Gland Canalicular Adenoma
        Salivary Gland Sebaceous Adenoma
        Skin Appendage Adenoma
        Sebaceous adenoma
        Sweat gland adenoma
        Acrospiromas
        Apocrine adenoma
        Eccrine acrospiroma
        Eccrine syringofibroadenoma
        Hidrocystoma
        Poroma
        Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
        Syringoma
        Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas
        Thyroid adenoma
        Follicular thyroid adenoma
        Thyroid macrofollicular adenoma
        Thyroid microfollicular adenoma
        Thyroid atypical adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Black Follicular Adenoma
        Thyroid gland fetal adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Hyperfunctioning Adenoma
        Thyroid gland macrofollicular adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Mucinous Follicular Adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Signet Ring Cell Follicular Adenoma
        Thyroid Gland Spindle Cell Follicular Adenoma
        Thyroid papillary adenoma
        Trabecular Adenoma
        Urethral villous adenoma
        Urinary bladder villous adenoma
        Vaginal adenoma
        Vaginal tubulovillous adenoma
        Vaginal villous adenoma
        Warthin tumor
        Lacrimal Gland Warthin Tumor
        Parotid Gland Warthin Tumor

Professional guidelines

PubMed

European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors.

Fassnacht M, Tsagarakis S, Terzolo M, Tabarin A, Sahdev A, Newell-Price J, Pelsma I, Marina L, Lorenz K, Bancos I, Arlt W, Dekkers OM
Eur J Endocrinol 2023 Jul 20;189(1):G1-G42. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad066. PMID: 37318239

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acromegaly: An Update.

Ershadinia N, Tritos NA
Mayo Clin Proc 2022 Feb;97(2):333-346. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.11.007. PMID: 35120696

Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism.

Reincke M, Bancos I, Mulatero P, Scholl UI, Stowasser M, Williams TA
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021 Dec;9(12):876-892. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00210-2. PMID: 34798068

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Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Colonoscopy polyp classification via enhanced scattering wavelet Convolutional Neural Network.

Tan J, Yuan J, Fu X, Bai Y
PLoS One 2024;19(10):e0302800. Epub 2024 Oct 11 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302800. PMID: 39392783 Free PMC Article

Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases.

Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, Ayuk J, Davies JH, Druce MR, Evanson J, Flanagan D, Glynn N, Higham CE, Jacques TS, Sinha S, Simmons I, Thorp N, Swords FM, Storr HL, Spoudeas HA
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024 May;20(5):290-309. Epub 2024 Feb 9 doi: 10.1038/s41574-023-00949-7. PMID: 38336898

Risk of Carcinoma in Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Parotid.

Levyn H, Subramanian T, Eagan A, Katabi N, Lin O, Badillo ND, Martinez G, Scholfield DW, Wong RJ, Shah JP, Givi B, Morris LGT, Ganly I, Patel SG
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023 Nov 1;149(11):1034-1041. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.3212. PMID: 37824134 Free PMC Article

Reticular fibre structure in the differential diagnosis of parathyroid neoplasms.

Hu X, He S, Jiang X, Wei P, Zhou X, Shi Z, Li X, Lu J, Zhao H, Wei B, Jin M
Diagn Pathol 2023 Jul 4;18(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s13000-023-01368-y. PMID: 37403167 Free PMC Article

ACR TI-RADS classification combined with number of nodules, halo features optimizes diagnosis and prediction of follicular thyroid cancer.

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Diagnosis

Impact of the serrated pathway on the simulated comparative effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening tests.

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Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases.

Risk of Carcinoma in Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Parotid.

Primary hydatid cyst of the thyroid glands: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Safarpour MM, Aminnia S, Dehghanian A, Borazjani R, Abbassi HR, Boland Parvaz S, Paydar S
J Med Case Rep 2023 Oct 4;17(1):417. doi: 10.1186/s13256-023-04141-3. PMID: 37789467 Free PMC Article

Reticular fibre structure in the differential diagnosis of parathyroid neoplasms.

Hu X, He S, Jiang X, Wei P, Zhou X, Shi Z, Li X, Lu J, Zhao H, Wei B, Jin M
Diagn Pathol 2023 Jul 4;18(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s13000-023-01368-y. PMID: 37403167 Free PMC Article

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Therapy

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Xu H, Tang RSY, Lam TYT, Zhao G, Lau JYW, Liu Y, Wu Q, Rong L, Xu W, Li X, Wong SH, Cai S, Wang J, Liu G, Ma T, Liang X, Mak JWY, Xu H, Yuan P, Cao T, Li F, Ye Z, Shutian Z, Sung JJY
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023 Feb;21(2):337-346.e3. Epub 2022 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.07.006. PMID: 35863686

Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Real-Life Clinical Practice: Systematic Review.

Yin J, Ngiam KY, Teo HH
J Med Internet Res 2021 Apr 22;23(4):e25759. doi: 10.2196/25759. PMID: 33885365 Free PMC Article

Berberine versus placebo for the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenoma: a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled study.

Chen YX, Gao QY, Zou TH, Wang BM, Liu SD, Sheng JQ, Ren JL, Zou XP, Liu ZJ, Song YY, Xiao B, Sun XM, Dou XT, Cao HL, Yang XN, Li N, Kang Q, Zhu W, Xu HZ, Chen HM, Cao XC, Fang JY
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 Mar;5(3):267-275. Epub 2020 Jan 8 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30409-1. PMID: 31926918

Celecoxib in Cancer Therapy and Prevention - Review.

Tołoczko-Iwaniuk N, Dziemiańczyk-Pakieła D, Nowaszewska BK, Celińska-Janowicz K, Miltyk W
Curr Drug Targets 2019;20(3):302-315. doi: 10.2174/1389450119666180803121737. PMID: 30073924

Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment.

Reid JR, Wheeler SF
Am Fam Physician 2005 Aug 15;72(4):623-30. PMID: 16127951

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Prognosis

Epidemiology and mortality of Cushing's syndrome.

Hakami OA, Ahmed S, Karavitaki N
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Jan;35(1):101521. Epub 2021 Mar 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101521. PMID: 33766428

The Epidemiology of Pituitary Adenomas.

Daly AF, Beckers A
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2020 Sep;49(3):347-355. Epub 2020 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.04.002. PMID: 32741475

Association of Colonoscopy Adenoma Findings With Long-term Colorectal Cancer Incidence.

Click B, Pinsky PF, Hickey T, Doroudi M, Schoen RE
JAMA 2018 May 15;319(19):2021-2031. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.5809. PMID: 29800214 Free PMC Article

Silent corticotroph adenomas.

Ben-Shlomo A, Cooper O
Pituitary 2018 Apr;21(2):183-193. doi: 10.1007/s11102-018-0864-8. PMID: 29344907

Colorectal cancer.

Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP
Lancet 2014 Apr 26;383(9927):1490-1502. Epub 2013 Nov 11 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9. PMID: 24225001

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Clinical prediction guides

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Saoud C, Bailey GE, Graham A, Bonilla LM, Sanchez SI, Maleki Z
Acta Cytol 2024;68(3):194-205. Epub 2024 Feb 28 doi: 10.1159/000538069. PMID: 38417405

Artificial Intelligence in Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies.

Kezlarian B, Lin O
Acta Cytol 2021;65(4):324-329. Epub 2020 Dec 16 doi: 10.1159/000512097. PMID: 33326953 Free PMC Article

Diagnosis and therapies for gastric non-invasive neoplasia.

Kato M
World J Gastroenterol 2015 Nov 28;21(44):12513-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12513. PMID: 26640329 Free PMC Article

Nephrogenic adenoma.

Amin W, Parwani AV
Pathol Res Pract 2010 Oct 15;206(10):659-62. Epub 2010 Jul 8 doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.06.001. PMID: 20619548

Sestamibi parathyroid imaging.

McBiles M, Lambert AT, Cote MG, Kim SY
Semin Nucl Med 1995 Jul;25(3):221-34. doi: 10.1016/s0001-2998(95)80012-3. PMID: 7570042

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Recent systematic reviews

Real-Time Computer-Aided Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia During Colonoscopy : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

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Ann Intern Med 2023 Sep;176(9):1209-1220. Epub 2023 Aug 29 doi: 10.7326/M22-3678. PMID: 37639719

Performance of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy for adenoma and polyp detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hassan C, Spadaccini M, Iannone A, Maselli R, Jovani M, Chandrasekar VT, Antonelli G, Yu H, Areia M, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bhandari P, Sharma P, Rex DK, Rösch T, Wallace M, Repici A
Gastrointest Endosc 2021 Jan;93(1):77-85.e6. Epub 2020 Jun 26 doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.059. PMID: 32598963

Canalicular adenoma: A systematic review.

Peraza AJ, Wright J, Gómez R
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017 Oct;45(10):1754-1758. Epub 2017 Aug 3 doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.07.020. PMID: 28890252

Lifestyle Risk Factors for Serrated Colorectal Polyps: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Bailie L, Loughrey MB, Coleman HG
Gastroenterology 2017 Jan;152(1):92-104. Epub 2016 Sep 14 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.003. PMID: 27639804

Silent corticotroph adenomas.

Cooper O
Pituitary 2015 Apr;18(2):225-31. doi: 10.1007/s11102-014-0624-3. PMID: 25534889 Free PMC Article

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MedGen

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Adenoma

Definition

Term Hierarchy

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

Prognosis

Clinical prediction guides

Recent systematic reviews

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

Clinical resources

Practice guidelines

Consumer resources

Reviews

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